sched_ext: add p->scx.tid and SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK lookup

BPF schedulers that can't hold task_struct pointers (arena-backed ones in
particular) key tasks by pid. During exit, pid is released before the
task finishes passing through scheduler callbacks, so a dying task
becomes invisible to the BPF side mid-schedule. scx_qmap hits this: an
exiting task's dispatch callback can't recover its queue entry, stalling
dispatch until SCX_EXIT_ERROR_STALL.

Add a unique non-zero u64 p->scx.tid assigned at fork that survives the
full task lifetime including exit. scx_bpf_tid_to_task() looks up the
task; unlike bpf_task_from_pid(), it handles exiting tasks.

The lookup costs an rhashtable insert/remove under scx_tasks_lock, so
root schedulers opt in via SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK. Sub-schedulers that set
the flag to declare a dependency are rejected at attach if root didn't
opt in.

scx_qmap converted: keys tasks by tid and enables SCX_OPS_ENQ_EXITING.
Pre-patch it stalls within seconds under a non-leader-exec workload;
with the patch it runs cleanly.

v3: Warn on rhashtable_lookup_insert_fast() failure via new
    scx_tid_hash_insert() helper (Cheng-Yang Chou).

v2: Guard scx_root deref in scx_bpf_tid_to_task() error path. The kfunc
    is registered via scx_kfunc_set_any and reachable from tracing and
    syscall programs when no scheduler is attached (Cheng-Yang Chou).

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Cheng-Yang Chou <yphbchou0911@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrea Righi <arighi@nvidia.com>

include/linux/sched/ext.h

@@ -203,6 +203,15 @@ struct sched_ext_entity {
 	u64			core_sched_at;	/* see scx_prio_less() */
 #endif
 
+	/*
+	 * Unique non-zero task ID assigned at fork. Persists across exec and
+	 * is never reused. Lets BPF schedulers identify tasks without storing
+	 * kernel pointers - arena-backed schedulers being one example. See
+	 * scx_bpf_tid_to_task().
+	 */
+	u64			tid;
+	struct rhash_head	tid_hash_node;	/* see SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK */
+
 	/* BPF scheduler modifiable fields */
 
 	/*

kernel/sched/ext.c

@@ -38,6 +38,15 @@ static const struct rhashtable_params scx_sched_hash_params = {
 static struct rhashtable scx_sched_hash;
 #endif
 
+/* see SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK */
+static const struct rhashtable_params scx_tid_hash_params = {
+	.key_len		= sizeof_field(struct sched_ext_entity, tid),
+	.key_offset		= offsetof(struct sched_ext_entity, tid),
+	.head_offset		= offsetof(struct sched_ext_entity, tid_hash_node),
+	.insecure_elasticity	= true,	/* inserted/removed under scx_tasks_lock */
+};
+static struct rhashtable scx_tid_hash;
+
 /*
  * During exit, a task may schedule after losing its PIDs. When disabling the
  * BPF scheduler, we need to be able to iterate tasks in every state to
@@ -58,10 +67,25 @@ static cpumask_var_t scx_bypass_lb_resched_cpumask;
 static bool scx_init_task_enabled;
 static bool scx_switching_all;
 DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(__scx_switched_all);
+static DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(__scx_tid_to_task_enabled);
+
+/*
+ * True once SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK has been negotiated with the root scheduler
+ * and the tid->task table is live. Wraps the static key so callers don't
+ * take the address, and hints "likely enabled" for the common case where
+ * the feature is in use.
+ */
+static inline bool scx_tid_to_task_enabled(void)
+{
+	return static_branch_likely(&__scx_tid_to_task_enabled);
+}
 
 static atomic_long_t scx_nr_rejected = ATOMIC_LONG_INIT(0);
 static atomic_long_t scx_hotplug_seq = ATOMIC_LONG_INIT(0);
 
+/* Global cursor for the per-CPU tid allocator. Starts at 1; tid 0 is reserved. */
+static atomic64_t scx_tid_cursor = ATOMIC64_INIT(1);
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT_SUB_SCHED
 /*
  * The sub sched being enabled. Used by scx_disable_and_exit_task() to exit
@@ -110,6 +134,17 @@ struct scx_kick_syncs {
 
 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct scx_kick_syncs __rcu *, scx_kick_syncs);
 
+/*
+ * Per-CPU buffered allocator state for p->scx.tid. Each CPU pulls a chunk of
+ * SCX_TID_CHUNK ids from scx_tid_cursor and hands them out locally without
+ * further synchronization. See scx_alloc_tid().
+ */
+struct scx_tid_alloc {
+	u64	next;
+	u64	end;
+};
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct scx_tid_alloc, scx_tid_alloc);
+
 /*
  * Direct dispatch marker.
  *
@@ -3665,6 +3700,33 @@ void init_scx_entity(struct sched_ext_entity *scx)
 	scx->slice = SCX_SLICE_DFL;
 }
 
+/* See scx_tid_alloc / scx_tid_cursor. */
+static u64 scx_alloc_tid(void)
+{
+	struct scx_tid_alloc *ta;
+
+	guard(preempt)();
+	ta = this_cpu_ptr(&scx_tid_alloc);
+
+	if (unlikely(ta->next >= ta->end)) {
+		ta->next = atomic64_fetch_add(SCX_TID_CHUNK, &scx_tid_cursor);
+		ta->end = ta->next + SCX_TID_CHUNK;
+	}
+	return ta->next++;
+}
+
+static void scx_tid_hash_insert(struct task_struct *p)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	lockdep_assert_held(&scx_tasks_lock);
+
+	ret = rhashtable_lookup_insert_fast(&scx_tid_hash,
+					    &p->scx.tid_hash_node,
+					    scx_tid_hash_params);
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(ret);
+}
+
 void scx_pre_fork(struct task_struct *p)
 {
 	/*
@@ -3682,6 +3744,8 @@ int scx_fork(struct task_struct *p, struct kernel_clone_args *kargs)
 
 	percpu_rwsem_assert_held(&scx_fork_rwsem);
 
+	p->scx.tid = scx_alloc_tid();
+
 	if (scx_init_task_enabled) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT_SUB_SCHED
 		struct scx_sched *sch = kargs->cset->dfl_cgrp->scx_sched;
@@ -3717,9 +3781,11 @@ void scx_post_fork(struct task_struct *p)
 		}
 	}
 
-	raw_spin_lock_irq(&scx_tasks_lock);
-	list_add_tail(&p->scx.tasks_node, &scx_tasks);
-	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&scx_tasks_lock);
+	scoped_guard(raw_spinlock_irq, &scx_tasks_lock) {
+		list_add_tail(&p->scx.tasks_node, &scx_tasks);
+		if (scx_tid_to_task_enabled())
+			scx_tid_hash_insert(p);
+	}
 
 	percpu_up_read(&scx_fork_rwsem);
 }
@@ -3770,17 +3836,19 @@ static bool task_dead_and_done(struct task_struct *p)
 
 void sched_ext_dead(struct task_struct *p)
 {
-	unsigned long flags;
-
 	/*
 	 * By the time control reaches here, @p has %TASK_DEAD set, switched out
 	 * for the last time and then dropped the rq lock - task_dead_and_done()
 	 * should be returning %true nullifying the straggling sched_class ops.
 	 * Remove from scx_tasks and exit @p.
 	 */
-	raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&scx_tasks_lock, flags);
-	list_del_init(&p->scx.tasks_node);
-	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&scx_tasks_lock, flags);
+	scoped_guard(raw_spinlock_irqsave, &scx_tasks_lock) {
+		list_del_init(&p->scx.tasks_node);
+		if (scx_tid_to_task_enabled())
+			rhashtable_remove_fast(&scx_tid_hash,
+					       &p->scx.tid_hash_node,
+					       scx_tid_hash_params);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * @p is off scx_tasks and wholly ours. scx_root_enable()'s READY ->
@@ -5815,9 +5883,13 @@ static void scx_root_disable(struct scx_sched *sch)
 
 	/* no task is on scx, turn off all the switches and flush in-progress calls */
 	static_branch_disable(&__scx_enabled);
+	if (sch->ops.flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK)
+		static_branch_disable(&__scx_tid_to_task_enabled);
 	bitmap_zero(sch->has_op, SCX_OPI_END);
 	scx_idle_disable();
 	synchronize_rcu();
+	if (sch->ops.flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK)
+		rhashtable_free_and_destroy(&scx_tid_hash, NULL, NULL);
 
 	scx_log_sched_disable(sch);
 
@@ -6561,6 +6633,17 @@ static int validate_ops(struct scx_sched *sch, const struct sched_ext_ops *ops)
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK is enabled by the root scheduler. A sub-sched
+	 * may set it to declare a dependency; reject if the root hasn't
+	 * enabled it.
+	 */
+	if ((ops->flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK) && scx_parent(sch) &&
+	    !(scx_root->ops.flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK)) {
+		scx_error(sch, "SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK requires root scheduler to enable it");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * SCX_OPS_BUILTIN_IDLE_PER_NODE requires built-in CPU idle
 	 * selection policy to be enabled.
@@ -6611,13 +6694,19 @@ static void scx_root_enable_workfn(struct kthread_work *work)
 	if (ret)
 		goto err_unlock;
 
+	if (ops->flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK) {
+		ret = rhashtable_init(&scx_tid_hash, &scx_tid_hash_params);
+		if (ret)
+			goto err_free_ksyncs;
+	}
+
 #if defined(CONFIG_EXT_GROUP_SCHED) || defined(CONFIG_EXT_SUB_SCHED)
 	cgroup_get(cgrp);
 #endif
 	sch = scx_alloc_and_add_sched(ops, cgrp, NULL);
 	if (IS_ERR(sch)) {
 		ret = PTR_ERR(sch);
-		goto err_free_ksyncs;
+		goto err_free_tid_hash;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -6706,6 +6795,10 @@ static void scx_root_enable_workfn(struct kthread_work *work)
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(scx_init_task_enabled);
 	scx_init_task_enabled = true;
 
+	/* flip under fork_rwsem; the iter below covers existing tasks */
+	if (ops->flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK)
+		static_branch_enable(&__scx_tid_to_task_enabled);
+
 	/*
 	 * Enable ops for every task. Fork is excluded by scx_fork_rwsem
 	 * preventing new tasks from being added. No need to exclude tasks
@@ -6749,6 +6842,17 @@ static void scx_root_enable_workfn(struct kthread_work *work)
 		scx_set_task_sched(p, sch);
 		scx_set_task_state(p, SCX_TASK_READY);
 
+		/*
+		 * Insert into the tid hash under scx_tasks_lock so we can't
+		 * race sched_ext_dead() and leave a stale entry for an already
+		 * exited task.
+		 */
+		if (scx_tid_to_task_enabled()) {
+			guard(raw_spinlock_irq)(&scx_tasks_lock);
+			if (!list_empty(&p->scx.tasks_node))
+				scx_tid_hash_insert(p);
+		}
+
 		put_task_struct(p);
 	}
 	scx_task_iter_stop(&sti);
@@ -6808,6 +6912,9 @@ static void scx_root_enable_workfn(struct kthread_work *work)
 	cmd->ret = 0;
 	return;
 
+err_free_tid_hash:
+	if (ops->flags & SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK)
+		rhashtable_free_and_destroy(&scx_tid_hash, NULL, NULL);
 err_free_ksyncs:
 	free_kick_syncs();
 err_unlock:
@@ -9296,6 +9403,34 @@ __bpf_kfunc struct task_struct *scx_bpf_cpu_curr(s32 cpu, const struct bpf_prog_
 	return rcu_dereference(cpu_rq(cpu)->curr);
 }
 
+/**
+ * scx_bpf_tid_to_task - Look up a task by its scx tid
+ * @tid: task ID previously read from p->scx.tid
+ *
+ * Returns the task with the given tid, or NULL if no such task exists. The
+ * returned pointer is valid until the end of the current RCU read section
+ * (KF_RCU_PROTECTED). Requires SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK to be set on the root
+ * scheduler; otherwise an error is raised and NULL returned.
+ */
+__bpf_kfunc struct task_struct *scx_bpf_tid_to_task(u64 tid)
+{
+	struct sched_ext_entity *scx;
+
+	if (!scx_tid_to_task_enabled()) {
+		struct scx_sched *sch = rcu_dereference(scx_root);
+
+		if (sch)
+			scx_error(sch, "scx_bpf_tid_to_task() called without SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	scx = rhashtable_lookup(&scx_tid_hash, &tid, scx_tid_hash_params);
+	if (!scx)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return container_of(scx, struct task_struct, scx);
+}
+
 /**
  * scx_bpf_now - Returns a high-performance monotonically non-decreasing
  * clock for the current CPU. The clock returned is in nanoseconds.
@@ -9479,6 +9614,7 @@ BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_task_cpu, KF_RCU)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_cpu_rq, KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_locked_rq, KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS | KF_RET_NULL)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_cpu_curr, KF_IMPLICIT_ARGS | KF_RET_NULL | KF_RCU_PROTECTED)
+BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_tid_to_task, KF_RET_NULL | KF_RCU_PROTECTED)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_now)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, scx_bpf_events)
 #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHED

kernel/sched/ext_internal.h

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ enum scx_consts {
 	SCX_DSP_MAX_LOOPS		= 32,
 	SCX_WATCHDOG_MAX_TIMEOUT	= 30 * HZ,
 
+	/* per-CPU chunk size for p->scx.tid allocation, see scx_alloc_tid() */
+	SCX_TID_CHUNK			= 1024,
+
 	SCX_EXIT_BT_LEN			= 64,
 	SCX_EXIT_MSG_LEN		= 1024,
 	SCX_EXIT_DUMP_DFL_LEN		= 32768,
@@ -138,7 +141,8 @@ enum scx_ops_flags {
 	 * To mask this problem, by default, unhashed tasks are automatically
 	 * dispatched to the local DSQ on enqueue. If the BPF scheduler doesn't
 	 * depend on pid lookups and wants to handle these tasks directly, the
-	 * following flag can be used.
+	 * following flag can be used. With %SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK,
+	 * scx_bpf_tid_to_task() can find exiting tasks reliably.
 	 */
 	SCX_OPS_ENQ_EXITING		= 1LLU << 2,
 
@@ -189,6 +193,17 @@ enum scx_ops_flags {
 	 */
 	SCX_OPS_ALWAYS_ENQ_IMMED	= 1LLU << 7,
 
+	/*
+	 * Maintain a mapping from p->scx.tid to task_struct so the BPF
+	 * scheduler can recover task pointers from stored tids via
+	 * scx_bpf_tid_to_task().
+	 *
+	 * Only the root scheduler turns this on. A sub-sched may set the flag
+	 * to declare a dependency on the lookup; if the root scheduler hasn't
+	 * enabled it, attaching the sub-sched is rejected.
+	 */
+	SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK		= 1LLU << 8,
+
 	SCX_OPS_ALL_FLAGS		= SCX_OPS_KEEP_BUILTIN_IDLE |
 					  SCX_OPS_ENQ_LAST |
 					  SCX_OPS_ENQ_EXITING |
@@ -196,7 +211,8 @@ enum scx_ops_flags {
 					  SCX_OPS_ALLOW_QUEUED_WAKEUP |
 					  SCX_OPS_SWITCH_PARTIAL |
 					  SCX_OPS_BUILTIN_IDLE_PER_NODE |
-					  SCX_OPS_ALWAYS_ENQ_IMMED,
+					  SCX_OPS_ALWAYS_ENQ_IMMED |
+					  SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK,
 
 	/* high 8 bits are internal, don't include in SCX_OPS_ALL_FLAGS */
 	__SCX_OPS_INTERNAL_MASK		= 0xffLLU << 56,

tools/sched_ext/include/scx/common.bpf.h

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ s32 scx_bpf_task_cpu(const struct task_struct *p) __ksym;
 struct rq *scx_bpf_cpu_rq(s32 cpu) __ksym;
 struct rq *scx_bpf_locked_rq(void) __ksym;
 struct task_struct *scx_bpf_cpu_curr(s32 cpu) __ksym __weak;
+struct task_struct *scx_bpf_tid_to_task(u64 tid) __ksym __weak;
 u64 scx_bpf_now(void) __ksym __weak;
 void scx_bpf_events(struct scx_event_stats *events, size_t events__sz) __ksym __weak;
 

tools/sched_ext/scx_qmap.bpf.c

@@ -127,7 +127,8 @@ struct task_ctx {
 	struct task_ctx __arena	*q_next;	/* queue link, NULL if tail */
 	struct task_ctx __arena	*q_prev;	/* queue link, NULL if head */
 	struct qmap_fifo __arena *fifo;		/* queue we're on, NULL if not queued */
-	s32			pid;
+	u64			tid;
+	s32			pid;	/* for dump only */
 	bool			force_local;	/* Dispatch directly to local_dsq */
 	bool			highpri;
 	u64			core_sched_seq;
@@ -547,7 +548,7 @@ void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dispatch, s32 cpu, struct task_struct *prev)
 			if (!taskc)
 				break;
 
-			p = bpf_task_from_pid(taskc->pid);
+			p = scx_bpf_tid_to_task(taskc->tid);
 			if (!p)
 				continue;
 
@@ -598,8 +599,6 @@ void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dispatch, s32 cpu, struct task_struct *prev)
 			if (!bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, p->cpus_ptr))
 				scx_bpf_kick_cpu(scx_bpf_task_cpu(p), 0);
 
-			bpf_task_release(p);
-
 			batch--;
 			cpuc->dsp_cnt--;
 			if (!batch || !scx_bpf_dispatch_nr_slots()) {
@@ -724,6 +723,7 @@ s32 BPF_STRUCT_OPS_SLEEPABLE(qmap_init_task, struct task_struct *p,
 	taskc->q_next = NULL;
 	taskc->q_prev = NULL;
 	taskc->fifo = NULL;
+	taskc->tid = p->scx.tid;
 	taskc->pid = p->pid;
 	taskc->force_local = false;
 	taskc->highpri = false;
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dump, struct scx_dump_ctx *dctx)
 	/*
 	 * Walk the queue lists without locking - kfunc calls (scx_bpf_dump)
 	 * aren't in the verifier's kfunc_spin_allowed() list so we can't hold
-	 * a lock and dump. Best-effort; racing may print stale pids but the
+	 * a lock and dump. Best-effort; racing may print stale tids but the
 	 * walk is bounded by bpf_repeat() so it always terminates.
 	 */
 	bpf_for(i, 0, 5) {
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_dump, struct scx_dump_ctx *dctx)
 		bpf_repeat(4096) {
 			if (!taskc)
 				break;
-			scx_bpf_dump(" %d", taskc->pid);
+			scx_bpf_dump(" %d:%llu", taskc->pid, taskc->tid);
 			taskc = taskc->q_next;
 		}
 		scx_bpf_dump("\n");
@@ -1159,6 +1159,7 @@ void BPF_STRUCT_OPS(qmap_sub_detach, struct scx_sub_detach_args *args)
 }
 
 SCX_OPS_DEFINE(qmap_ops,
+	       .flags			= SCX_OPS_ENQ_EXITING | SCX_OPS_TID_TO_TASK,
 	       .select_cpu		= (void *)qmap_select_cpu,
 	       .enqueue			= (void *)qmap_enqueue,
 	       .dequeue			= (void *)qmap_dequeue,