#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # ===--- Benchmark_Driver ------------------------------------------------===// # # This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project # # Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors # Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception # # See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information # See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors # # ===---------------------------------------------------------------------===// """ Benchmark_Driver is a tool for running and analysing Swift Benchmarking Suite. Example: $ Benchmark_Driver run Use `Benchmark_Driver -h` for help on available commands and options. class `BenchmarkDriver` runs performance tests and impements the `run` COMMAND. class `BenchmarkDoctor` analyzes performance tests, implements `check` COMMAND. """ import argparse import glob import logging import math import os import re import subprocess import sys import time from compare_perf_tests import LogParser DRIVER_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) class BenchmarkDriver(object): """Executes tests from Swift Benchmark Suite. It's a higher level wrapper for the Benchmark_X family of binaries (X = [O, Onone, Osize]). """ def __init__(self, args, tests=None, _subprocess=None, parser=None): """Initialize with command line arguments. Optional parameters are for injecting dependencies -- used for testing. """ self.args = args self._subprocess = _subprocess or subprocess self.all_tests = [] self.test_number = {} self.tests = tests or self._get_tests() self.parser = parser or LogParser() self.results = {} # Set a constant hash seed. Some tests are currently sensitive to # fluctuations in the number of hash collisions. os.environ['SWIFT_DETERMINISTIC_HASHING'] = '1' def _invoke(self, cmd): return self._subprocess.check_output( cmd, stderr=self._subprocess.STDOUT) @property def test_harness(self): """Full path to test harness binary.""" suffix = (self.args.optimization if hasattr(self.args, 'optimization') else 'O') return os.path.join(self.args.tests, "Benchmark_" + suffix) def _git(self, cmd): """Execute the Git command in the `swift-repo`.""" return self._invoke( ('git -C {0} '.format(self.args.swift_repo) + cmd).split()).strip() @property def log_file(self): """Full path to log file. If `swift-repo` is set, log file is tied to Git branch and revision. """ if not self.args.output_dir: return None log_dir = self.args.output_dir harness_name = os.path.basename(self.test_harness) suffix = '-' + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.localtime()) if self.args.swift_repo: log_dir = os.path.join( log_dir, self._git('rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD')) # branch suffix += '-' + self._git('rev-parse --short HEAD') # revision return os.path.join(log_dir, harness_name + suffix + '.log') @property def _cmd_list_benchmarks(self): # Use tab delimiter for easier parsing to override the default comma. # (The third 'column' is always comma-separated list of tags in square # brackets -- currently unused here.) return [self.test_harness, '--list', '--delim=\t'] + ( ['--skip-tags='] if (self.args.benchmarks or self.args.filters) else []) def _get_tests(self): """Return a list of performance tests to run.""" number_name_pairs = [ line.split('\t')[:2] for line in self._invoke(self._cmd_list_benchmarks).split('\n')[1:-1] ] # unzip list of pairs into 2 lists test_numbers, self.all_tests = map(list, zip(*number_name_pairs)) self.test_number = dict(zip(self.all_tests, test_numbers)) if self.args.filters: return self._tests_matching_patterns() if self.args.benchmarks: return self._tests_by_name_or_number(test_numbers) return self.all_tests def _tests_matching_patterns(self): regexes = [re.compile(pattern) for pattern in self.args.filters] return sorted(list(set([name for pattern in regexes for name in self.all_tests if pattern.match(name)]))) def _tests_by_name_or_number(self, test_numbers): benchmarks = set(self.args.benchmarks) number_to_name = dict(zip(test_numbers, self.all_tests)) tests_by_number = [number_to_name[i] for i in benchmarks.intersection(set(test_numbers))] return sorted(list(benchmarks .intersection(set(self.all_tests)) .union(tests_by_number))) def run(self, test=None, num_samples=None, num_iters=None, sample_time=None, verbose=None, measure_memory=False, quantile=None): """Execute benchmark and gather results.""" num_samples = num_samples or 0 num_iters = num_iters or 0 # automatically determine N to run for 1s sample_time = sample_time or 0 # default is 1s cmd = self._cmd_run( test, num_samples, num_iters, sample_time, verbose, measure_memory, quantile) output = self._invoke(cmd) results = self.parser.results_from_string(output) return results.items()[0][1] if test else results def _cmd_run(self, test, num_samples, num_iters, sample_time, verbose, measure_memory, quantile): cmd = [self.test_harness] if test: cmd.append(test) else: cmd.extend([self.test_number.get(name, name) for name in self.tests]) if num_samples > 0: cmd.append('--num-samples={0}'.format(num_samples)) if num_iters > 0: cmd.append('--num-iters={0}'.format(num_iters)) if sample_time > 0: cmd.append('--sample-time={0}'.format(sample_time)) if verbose: cmd.append('--verbose') if measure_memory: cmd.append('--memory') if quantile: cmd.append('--quantile={0}'.format(quantile)) cmd.append('--delta') return cmd def run_independent_samples(self, test): """Run benchmark multiple times, gathering independent samples. Returns the aggregated result of independent benchmark invocations. """ def merge_results(a, b): a.merge(b) return a return reduce(merge_results, [self.run(test, measure_memory=True, num_iters=1, quantile=20) for _ in range(self.args.independent_samples)]) def log_results(self, output, log_file=None): """Log output to `log_file`. Creates `args.output_dir` if it doesn't exist yet. """ log_file = log_file or self.log_file dir = os.path.dirname(log_file) if not os.path.exists(dir): os.makedirs(dir) print('Logging results to: %s' % log_file) with open(log_file, 'w') as f: f.write(output) RESULT = '{:>3} {:<40} {:>7} {:>7} {:>6} {:>10} {:>6} {:>7} {:>10}' def run_and_log(self, csv_console=True): """Run benchmarks and continuously log results to the console. There are two console log formats: CSV and justified columns. Both are compatible with `LogParser`. Depending on the `csv_console` parameter, the CSV log format is either printed to console or returned as a string from this method. When `csv_console` is False, the console output format is justified columns. """ format = ( (lambda values: ','.join(values)) if csv_console else (lambda values: self.RESULT.format(*values))) # justified columns def console_log(values): print(format(values)) def result_values(r): return map(str, [r.test_num, r.name, r.num_samples, r.min, r.samples.q1, r.median, r.samples.q3, r.max, r.max_rss]) header = ['#', 'TEST', 'SAMPLES', 'MIN(μs)', 'Q1(μs)', 'MEDIAN(μs)', 'Q3(μs)', 'MAX(μs)', 'MAX_RSS(B)'] console_log(header) results = [header] for test in self.tests: result = result_values(self.run_independent_samples(test)) console_log(result) results.append(result) print( '\nTotal performance tests executed: {0}'.format(len(self.tests))) return (None if csv_console else ('\n'.join([','.join(r) for r in results]) + '\n')) # csv_log @staticmethod def run_benchmarks(args): """Run benchmarks and log results.""" driver = BenchmarkDriver(args) csv_log = driver.run_and_log(csv_console=(args.output_dir is None)) if csv_log: driver.log_results(csv_log) return 0 class LoggingReportFormatter(logging.Formatter): """Format logs as plain text or with colors on the terminal. Plain text outputs level, category and massage: 'DEBUG category: Hi!' Colored output uses color coding based on the level. """ import logging as log colors = {log.DEBUG: '9', log.INFO: '2', log.WARNING: '3', log.ERROR: '1', log.CRITICAL: '5'} def __init__(self, use_color=False): """Specify if report should use colors; defaults to False.""" super(LoggingReportFormatter, self).__init__('%(message)s') self.use_color = use_color def format(self, record): """Format the log record with level and category.""" msg = super(LoggingReportFormatter, self).format(record) category = ((record.name.split('.')[-1] + ': ') if '.' in record.name else '') return ('\033[1;3{0}m{1}{2}\033[1;0m'.format( self.colors[record.levelno], category, msg) if self.use_color else '{0} {1}{2}'.format(record.levelname, category, msg)) class MarkdownReportHandler(logging.StreamHandler): r"""Write custom formatted messages from BenchmarkDoctor to the stream. It works around StreamHandler's hardcoded '\n' and handles the custom level and category formatting for BenchmarkDoctor's check report. """ def __init__(self, stream): """Initialize the handler and write a Markdown table header.""" super(MarkdownReportHandler, self).__init__(stream) self.setLevel(logging.INFO) self.stream.write('\n✅ | Benchmark Check Report\n---|---') self.stream.flush() levels = {logging.WARNING: '\n⚠️', logging.ERROR: '\n⛔️', logging.INFO: '
'} categories = {'naming': '🔤', 'runtime': '⏱', 'memory': 'Ⓜ️'} quotes_re = re.compile("'") def format(self, record): msg = super(MarkdownReportHandler, self).format(record) return (self.levels.get(record.levelno, '') + ('' if record.levelno == logging.INFO else self.categories.get(record.name.split('.')[-1], '') + ' | ') + self.quotes_re.sub('`', msg)) def emit(self, record): msg = self.format(record) stream = self.stream try: if (isinstance(msg, unicode) and getattr(stream, 'encoding', None)): stream.write(msg.encode(stream.encoding)) else: stream.write(msg) except UnicodeError: stream.write(msg.encode("UTF-8")) self.flush() def close(self): self.stream.write('\n\n') self.stream.flush() super(MarkdownReportHandler, self).close() class BenchmarkDoctor(object): """Checks that the benchmark conforms to the standard set of requirements. Benchmarks that are part of Swift Benchmark Suite are required to follow a set of rules that ensure quality measurements. These include naming convention, robustness when varying execution parameters like `num-iters` and `num-samples` (no setup overhead, constant memory consumption). """ log = logging.getLogger('BenchmarkDoctor') log_naming = log.getChild('naming') log_runtime = log.getChild('runtime') log_memory = log.getChild('memory') log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) def __init__(self, args, driver=None): """Initialize with command line parameters. Optional `driver` parameter for injecting dependency; used for testing. """ super(BenchmarkDoctor, self).__init__() self.driver = driver or BenchmarkDriver(args) self.results = {} if hasattr(args, 'markdown') and args.markdown: self.console_handler = MarkdownReportHandler(sys.stdout) else: self.console_handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout) self.console_handler.setFormatter( LoggingReportFormatter(use_color=sys.stdout.isatty())) self.console_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG if args.verbose else logging.INFO) self.log.addHandler(self.console_handler) self.log.debug('Checking tests: %s', ', '.join(self.driver.tests)) self.requirements = [ self._name_matches_benchmark_naming_convention, self._name_is_at_most_40_chars_long, self._no_setup_overhead, self._reasonable_setup_time, self._optimized_runtime_in_range, self._constant_memory_use ] def __del__(self): """Close log handlers on exit.""" for handler in list(self.log.handlers): handler.close() self.log.removeHandler(self.console_handler) benchmark_naming_convention_re = re.compile(r'[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\-.!?]+') camel_humps_re = re.compile(r'[a-z][A-Z]') @staticmethod def _name_matches_benchmark_naming_convention(measurements): name = measurements['name'] match = BenchmarkDoctor.benchmark_naming_convention_re.match(name) matched = match.group(0) if match else '' composite_words = len(BenchmarkDoctor.camel_humps_re.findall(name)) + 1 if name != matched: BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.error( "'%s' name doesn't conform to benchmark naming convention.", name) BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.info( 'See http://bit.ly/BenchmarkNaming') if composite_words > 4: BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.warning( "'%s' name is composed of %d words.", name, composite_words) BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.info( "Split '%s' name into dot-separated groups and variants. " "See http://bit.ly/BenchmarkNaming", name) @staticmethod def _name_is_at_most_40_chars_long(measurements): name = measurements['name'] if len(name) > 40: BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.error( "'%s' name is %d characters long.", name, len(name)) BenchmarkDoctor.log_naming.info( 'Benchmark name should not be longer than 40 characters.') @staticmethod def _select(measurements, num_iters=None, opt_level='O'): prefix = measurements['name'] + ' ' + opt_level prefix += '' if num_iters is None else (' i' + str(num_iters)) return [series for name, series in measurements.items() if name.startswith(prefix)] @staticmethod def _optimized_runtime_in_range(measurements): name = measurements['name'] setup, ratio = BenchmarkDoctor._setup_overhead(measurements) setup = 0 if ratio < 0.05 else setup runtime = min( [(result.samples.min - correction) for i_series in [BenchmarkDoctor._select(measurements, num_iters=i) for correction in [(setup / i) for i in [1, 2]] ] for result in i_series]) threshold = 1000 if threshold < runtime: log = (BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.warning if runtime < 10000 else BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.error) caveat = '' if setup == 0 else ' (excluding the setup overhead)' log("'%s' execution took at least %d μs%s.", name, runtime, caveat) def factor(base): # suitable divisior that's integer power of base return int(pow(base, math.ceil( math.log(runtime / float(threshold), base)))) BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.info( "Decrease the workload of '%s' by a factor of %d (%d), to be " "less than %d μs.", name, factor(2), factor(10), threshold) threshold = 20 if runtime < threshold: log = (BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.error if runtime == 0 else BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.warning) log("'%s' execution took %d μs.", name, runtime) BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.info( "Ensure the workload of '%s' has a properly measurable size" " (runtime > %d μs) and is not eliminated by the compiler (use" " `blackHole` function if necessary)." if runtime == 0 else "Increase the workload of '%s' to be more than %d μs.", name, threshold) @staticmethod def _setup_overhead(measurements): select = BenchmarkDoctor._select ti1, ti2 = [float(min(mins)) for mins in [[result.samples.min for result in i_series] for i_series in [select(measurements, num_iters=i) for i in [1, 2]]]] setup = (int(round(2.0 * (ti1 - ti2))) if ti2 > 20 # limit of accuracy else 0) ratio = (setup / ti1) if ti1 > 0 else 0 return (setup, ratio) @staticmethod def _no_setup_overhead(measurements): setup, ratio = BenchmarkDoctor._setup_overhead(measurements) if ratio > 0.05: BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.error( "'%s' has setup overhead of %d μs (%.1f%%).", measurements['name'], setup, round((100 * ratio), 1)) BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.info( 'Move initialization of benchmark data to the `setUpFunction` ' 'registered in `BenchmarkInfo`.') @staticmethod def _reasonable_setup_time(measurements): setup = min([result.setup for result in BenchmarkDoctor._select(measurements)]) if 200000 < setup: # 200 ms BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.error( "'%s' setup took at least %d μs.", measurements['name'], setup) BenchmarkDoctor.log_runtime.info( 'The `setUpFunction` should take no more than 200 ms.') @staticmethod def _constant_memory_use(measurements): select = BenchmarkDoctor._select (min_i1, max_i1), (min_i2, max_i2) = [ (min(memory_use), max(memory_use)) for memory_use in [[r.mem_pages for r in i_series] for i_series in [select(measurements, num_iters=i) for i in [1, 2]]]] range_i1, range_i2 = max_i1 - min_i1, max_i2 - min_i2 normal_range = 15 # pages name = measurements['name'] more_info = False if abs(min_i1 - min_i2) > max(range_i1, range_i2, normal_range): more_info = True BenchmarkDoctor.log_memory.error( "'%s' varies the memory footprint of the base " "workload depending on the `num-iters`.", name) if max(range_i1, range_i2) > normal_range: more_info = True BenchmarkDoctor.log_memory.warning( "'%s' has very wide range of memory used between " "independent, repeated measurements.", name) if more_info: BenchmarkDoctor.log_memory.info( "'%s' mem_pages [i1, i2]: min=[%d, %d] 𝚫=%d R=[%d, %d]", name, *[min_i1, min_i2, abs(min_i1 - min_i2), range_i1, range_i2]) @staticmethod def _adjusted_1s_samples(runtime): u"""Return sample count that can be taken in approximately 1 second. Based on the runtime (μs) of one sample taken with num-iters=1. """ if runtime == 0: return 2 s = 1000000 / float(runtime) # samples for 1s run s = int(pow(2, round(math.log(s, 2)))) # rounding to power of 2 return s if s > 2 else 2 # always take at least 2 samples def measure(self, benchmark): """Measure benchmark with varying iterations and optimization levels. Returns a dictionary with benchmark name and `PerformanceTestResult`s. """ self.log.debug('Calibrating num-samples for {0}:'.format(benchmark)) r = self.driver.run(benchmark, num_samples=3, num_iters=1, verbose=True) # calibrate num_samples = self._adjusted_1s_samples(r.samples.min) def capped(s): return min(s, 200) run_args = [(capped(num_samples), 1), (capped(num_samples / 2), 2)] opts = self.driver.args.optimization opts = opts if isinstance(opts, list) else [opts] self.log.debug( 'Runtime {0} μs yields {1} adjusted samples per second.'.format( r.samples.min, num_samples)) self.log.debug( 'Measuring {0}, 5 x i1 ({1} samples), 5 x i2 ({2} samples)'.format( benchmark, run_args[0][0], run_args[1][0])) measurements = dict( [('{0} {1} i{2}{3}'.format(benchmark, o, i, suffix), self.driver.run(benchmark, num_samples=s, num_iters=i, verbose=True, measure_memory=True)) for o in opts for s, i in run_args for suffix in list('abcde') ] ) measurements['name'] = benchmark return measurements def analyze(self, benchmark_measurements): """Analyze whether benchmark fullfills all requirtements.""" self.log.debug('Analyzing %s', benchmark_measurements['name']) for rule in self.requirements: rule(benchmark_measurements) def check(self): """Measure and analyse all enabled tests.""" for test in self.driver.tests: self.analyze(self.measure(test)) @staticmethod def run_check(args): """Validate benchmarks conform to health rules, report violations.""" doctor = BenchmarkDoctor(args) doctor.check() # TODO non-zero error code when errors are logged # See https://stackoverflow.com/a/31142078/41307 return 0 def format_name(log_path): """Return the filename and directory for a log file.""" return '/'.join(log_path.split('/')[-2:]) def compare_logs(compare_script, new_log, old_log, log_dir, opt): """Return diff of log files at paths `new_log` and `old_log`.""" print('Comparing %s %s ...' % (format_name(old_log), format_name(new_log))) subprocess.call([compare_script, '--old-file', old_log, '--new-file', new_log, '--format', 'markdown', '--output', os.path.join(log_dir, 'latest_compare_{0}.md' .format(opt))]) def compare(args): log_dir = args.log_dir compare_script = args.compare_script baseline_branch = args.baseline_branch current_branch = \ BenchmarkDriver(args, tests=[''])._git('rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD') current_branch_dir = os.path.join(log_dir, current_branch) baseline_branch_dir = os.path.join(log_dir, baseline_branch) if current_branch != baseline_branch and \ not os.path.isdir(baseline_branch_dir): print(('Unable to find benchmark logs for {baseline_branch} branch. ' + 'Set a baseline benchmark log by passing --benchmark to ' + 'build-script while on {baseline_branch} branch.') .format(baseline_branch=baseline_branch)) return 1 recent_logs = {} for branch_dir in [current_branch_dir, baseline_branch_dir]: for opt in ['O', 'Onone']: recent_logs[os.path.basename(branch_dir) + '_' + opt] = sorted( glob.glob(os.path.join( branch_dir, 'Benchmark_' + opt + '-*.log')), key=os.path.getctime, reverse=True) if current_branch == baseline_branch: if len(recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_O']) > 1 and \ len(recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_Onone']) > 1: compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_O'][0], recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_O'][1], log_dir, 'O') compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_Onone'][0], recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_Onone'][1], log_dir, 'Onone') else: print(('{baseline_branch}/{baseline_branch} comparison ' + 'skipped: no previous {baseline_branch} logs') .format(baseline_branch=baseline_branch)) else: # TODO: Check for outdated baseline branch log if len(recent_logs[current_branch + '_O']) == 0 or \ len(recent_logs[current_branch + '_Onone']) == 0: print('branch sanity failure: missing branch logs') return 1 if len(recent_logs[current_branch + '_O']) == 1 or \ len(recent_logs[current_branch + '_Onone']) == 1: print('branch/branch comparison skipped: no previous branch logs') else: compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[current_branch + '_O'][0], recent_logs[current_branch + '_O'][1], log_dir, 'O') compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[current_branch + '_Onone'][0], recent_logs[current_branch + '_Onone'][1], log_dir, 'Onone') if len(recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_O']) == 0 or \ len(recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_Onone']) == 0: print(('branch/{baseline_branch} failure: no {baseline_branch} ' + 'logs') .format(baseline_branch=baseline_branch)) return 1 else: compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[current_branch + '_O'][0], recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_O'][0], log_dir, 'O') compare_logs(compare_script, recent_logs[current_branch + '_Onone'][0], recent_logs[baseline_branch + '_Onone'][0], log_dir, 'Onone') # TODO: Fail on large regressions return 0 def positive_int(value): """Verify the value is a positive integer.""" ivalue = int(value) if not (ivalue > 0): raise ValueError return ivalue def parse_args(args): """Parse command line arguments and set default values.""" parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( epilog='Example: ./Benchmark_Driver run -i 5 -f Prefix -f .*Suffix.*' ) subparsers = parser.add_subparsers( title='Swift benchmark driver commands', help='See COMMAND -h for additional arguments', metavar='COMMAND') shared_benchmarks_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False) benchmarks_group = shared_benchmarks_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() benchmarks_group.add_argument( 'benchmarks', default=[], help='benchmark to run (default: all)', nargs='*', metavar="BENCHMARK") benchmarks_group.add_argument( '-f', '--filter', dest='filters', action='append', help='run all tests whose name match regular expression PATTERN, ' + 'multiple filters are supported', metavar="PATTERN") shared_benchmarks_parser.add_argument( '-t', '--tests', help='directory containing Benchmark_O{,none,size} ' + '(default: DRIVER_DIR)', default=DRIVER_DIR) shared_benchmarks_parser.add_argument( '-o', '--optimization', metavar='OPT', choices=['O', 'Onone', 'Osize'], help='optimization level to use: {O,Onone,Osize}, (default: O)', default='O') run_parser = subparsers.add_parser( 'run', help='Run benchmarks and output results to stdout', parents=[shared_benchmarks_parser]) run_parser.add_argument( '-i', '--independent-samples', help='number of times to run each test (default: 1)', type=positive_int, default=1) run_parser.add_argument( '--output-dir', help='log results to directory (default: no logging)') run_parser.add_argument( '--swift-repo', help='absolute path to the Swift source repository') run_parser.set_defaults(func=BenchmarkDriver.run_benchmarks) check_parser = subparsers.add_parser( 'check', help='', parents=[shared_benchmarks_parser]) check_group = check_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() check_group.add_argument( '-v', '--verbose', action='store_true', help='show more details during benchmark analysis') check_group.add_argument( '-md', '--markdown', action='store_true', help='format report as Markdown table') check_parser.set_defaults(func=BenchmarkDoctor.run_check) compare_parser = subparsers.add_parser( 'compare', help='Compare benchmark results') compare_parser.add_argument( '--log-dir', required=True, help='directory containing benchmark logs') compare_parser.add_argument( '--swift-repo', required=True, help='absolute path to the Swift source repository') compare_parser.add_argument( '--compare-script', required=True, help='absolute path to compare script') compare_parser.add_argument( '--baseline-branch', default='master', help='attempt to compare results to baseline results for specified ' 'branch (default: master)') compare_parser.set_defaults(func=compare) return parser.parse_args(args) def main(): """Parse command line arguments and execute the specified COMMAND.""" args = parse_args(sys.argv[1:]) return args.func(args) if __name__ == '__main__': exit(main())