Diagnostics only work with `SourceLoc` which is basically a pointer into a buffer of the loaded source file.
But when debug info is de-serialized, the SIL `Location` consists of a filename+line+column.
To "convert" this to a `SourceLoc`, the file must be loaded.
This change adds `DiagnosticEngine.getLocationFromExternalSource` for this purpose.
Also, the new protocol `ProvidingSourceLocation` - to which `SourceLoc` and `Location` conform - help to generalize the helper struct `Diagnostic` and make this "conversion" happen automatically.
If the method is a default witness methods (`selfType` != nil) it has generic self type.
In this case the generic self parameter is at depth 0 and the actual generic parameters of the substitution map are at depth + 1, e.g:
```
@convention(witness_method: P) <τ_0_0><τ_1_0 where τ_0_0 : GenClass<τ_1_0>.T>
^ ^
self params of substitution map at depth + 1
```
* move it from the SIL to the AST module (where it belongs)
* change the signature of `diagnose` from `diagnose(location, .some_error)` to `diagnose(.some_error, at: location)`
* add an overload to allow passing a `SIL.Location` directly to `diagnose`
* add a `Diagnostic : Error` utility struct which allows throwing a `Diagnostic`
* let `SIL.Type` conform to `TypeProperties` to share the implementation of common type properties between the AST types and `SIL.Type`
* call references to an `AST.Type` `rawType` (instead of just `type`)
* remove unneeded stuff
* add comments
As the optimizer uses more and more AST stuff, it's now time to create an "AST" module.
Initially it defines following AST datastructures:
* declarations: `Decl` + derived classes
* `Conformance`
* `SubstitutionMap`
* `Type` and `CanonicalType`
Some of those were already defined in the SIL module and are now moved to the AST module.
This change also cleans up a few things:
* proper definition of `NominalTypeDecl`-related APIs in `SIL.Type`
* rename `ProtocolConformance` to `Conformance`
* use `AST.Type`/`AST.CanonicalType` instead of `BridgedASTType` in SIL and the Optimizer
