If we know a key path component can be accessed as a stored property, then we should also know whether it's a `let` or not, so it should be safe to encode this in the key path pattern. Stage this change in by changing the number of bits used to store in-line offsets, fixing up the parts of the key path implementation that assumed that it took up the entire payload bitfield.
The key path pattern needs to include a reference to the external descriptor, along with hooks for lowering its type arguments and indices, if any. The runtime will need to instantiate and interpolate the external component when the key path object is instantiated.
While we're here, let's also reserve some more component header bytes for future expansion, since this is an ABI we're going to be living with for a while.
To get the full benefit of dyld3 on Darwin platforms, pointer relocations need to be pointer-aligned, which unfortunately requires growing some key path data structures a little bit. This does tidy up some code that had to hack around our lack of unaligned load/store operations on UnsafeRawPointer, at least. While we're here, we can also simplify the identification strategy for reabstracted stored properties; we only need the property index to identify, not the absolute offset. rdar://problem/32318829
We need to use the ivar offset variables in this case, since the Swift field offset vector doesn't pick up the adjusted offsets from the ObjC runtime. Fixes SR-5036 | rdar://problem/32488871.
A property imported from Objective-C, or marked in Swift with the `dynamic` keyword, doesn't have a vtable slot, so can't be identified that way. Use the ObjC selector as the unique identifier to ascribe equality to such components. Fixes rdar://problem/31768669. (While we're here, throw some more execution tests and a changelog note in.)
