We've been performing the "occurs" check when computing potential
bindings for type variables, but we weren't actually performing the
check for bindings that *must* occur. Perform the occurs check before
binding type variables, which fixes a few crashers and is far more principled.
Note that this obviates the need for tracking the type variables we've
substituted in simplifyType(), so simplify that as well.
Fixes rdar://problem/27879334 / SR-2351.