This is a big refactoring of resolveTypeInContext() which makes
the function clearer to understand by merging various special
cases and generalizing the logic for walking parent and superclass
contexts to cover more cases.
This improves typealiases in protocols a bit:
1) Previously a typealias in a protocol either had to be concrete,
or consist of a single path of member types from Self, eg
Self.A.B. Lift this restriction, so we can now write things like
protocol Fireworks {
associatedtype Exploding
typealias Exploder = Exploding -> [Exploding]
}
2) Protocol typealiases can now be accessed via qualified lookup
on concrete types. Getting this working for unqualified lookup
requires further refactorings which will be in a subsequent
patch.
