Adds parsing for a type attribute `@differentiable`, which is optionally allowed to have argument `@differentiable(linear)`.
The typechecker currently rejects all uses of `@differentiable` with "error: attribute does not apply to type". Future work (https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-871https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-873) will update the typechecker to allow this attribute in places where it is allowed.
Resolves https://bugs.swift.org/browse/TF-822.